This was written in response to a friend’s statement of opposition to a Missouri proposed law allowing therapeutic cloning.
The issue has probably become academic with the recent approval of many new stem cell lines.
However, the explanations and history cited in my e-mail are still applicable.
I recently queried Geron on why progress on application of these therapies is so slow?
I was informed that the average time required to obtain approval of a new medical procedure or drug by the National Institute of Health is FOURTEEN YEARS !!!
My horror is caused by thinking of all the people who die while this bureaucratic, overly cautious process creeps to its conclusion.
Aside from classic Civil Service reluctance to make decisions, I believe the Thalidomide tragedy is still influencing decision making.
Here, again our media are defaulting on their responsibility to educate themselves in order to properly inform the public.
Bill Haynes
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Thanks for forwarding this to me.
You may be surprised to learn that I am in fundamental disagreement with the LC-MS statement (on the Missouri law).
Therefore I owe you, and the others to whom I’m sending this, an explanation.
First, this is another of the increasingly common issues that require more than a casual evaluation before an opinion is arrived at.
Unfortunately, most seem to accept the un-analyzed opinions of others to which they are exposed, especially if those others are considered “reliable sources”.
As I believe you know, I consider Rush Limbaugh a good source of much political information.
Well, he’s way off base in his treatment of this issue, and saying things that are just not true, such as (today) “There’s no proof, not a shred that stem cells can cure anything”.
You’ve heard me trying to get people to go to “www.geron.com“.
I try to get all my friends and acquaintances to go there and read up on what they are doing in several fields of therapeutic medicine.
That’s because I see their efforts as promising not only possible cures for cancer (all cancer ! ) but real hope that skyrocketing medical
costs will be brought down for all of us.
And, of course, being a “card carrying capitalist”, I’ve also invested my own hard earned money in their stock.
And that’s why I voted against the CA initiative that will send $3 billion to support a state research agency that will duplicate what is already being done (see below) and funded by venture capitalist investment, including mine.
If my appraisal of their work is correct, I’d be a fool not to invest in them!
And I also hope my investment will help to hasten the possible break-throughs their work offers.
Now here’s the technical part of this message.
Both the Michael J. Fox ad and Limbaugh’s responses are incomplete and therefore misleading.
That is an increasingly dire condition in many areas of discourse these days. It places great responsibility upon all our media to exert commensurate efforts to keep us adequately informed. I think the media have failed utterly to meet that responsibility.
Geron, back in 1998 (this is what caught my attention and why I have been following them ever since). discovered the cause of the Hayflick Limit.
The Hayflick Limit was discovered back in the 1960s by Dr. Hayflick. He put human cells in a Petri dish and gave them “tender loving care”.
He found that no matter what he did, they only reproduced (underwent mitosis .. splitting into new cells) about fifty to sixty times. After that they underwent apoptosis; that’s a fancy medical term for “they died”.
No one knew why, except that it seemed clear that the cause had to be internal to the cells.
In ’98, in an article published in “Nature”, a peer reviewed journal, Geron announced discovery of the cause.
They said that every cell expresses telomeres, and that they are essential to successful mitosis.
Telomeres are expressed at the ends of chromosomes (our genetic code) and act like the tips on our shoe laces … they keep the chromosomes from “unraveling” and properly in register, so that the messenger RNA is formed correctly and can convey the genetic information to a new, forming cell correctly.
But each time a cell reproduces, some of the telomeres are used up.
Finally, there are not enough to properly register the messenger RNA and the resulting new cell has so many errors that it is not viable.
It has encountered its Hayflick Limit.
What Geron discovered about this is seminal:
- There’s a way to restore the telomeres and avoid the Hayflick Limit. It uses an enzyme called telomerase.
- There’s a way to actively interfere with the process of generating and restoring the telomeres by blocking the expression of telomerase.
- All cancer cells so far investigated express telomerase. The latter makes sense, as most cancers kill by reproducing without limit, until they choke off normal bodily functions.
- And finally, Geron has developed a way of interfering with the telomerase, which means interfering with the ability of cancers to proliferate without limit.
They are now in Phase Two testing of the cancer killing agent. If that is successful, they will be cleared for full scale Phase Three testing of a general cancer cure!
And it will be simple and cheap, requiring a series of inoculations with the patient’s own blood, with the anti-telomerase medium added.
What has all this to do with cloning and stem cells?
Well, the same company, Geron, bought the Scottish company that cloned the sheep, Dolly, and thus acquired the world wide rights to their patent on nuclear transfer.
That’s the process that has caused all the uproar in politics in the last week.
And that is the process that makes cloning feasible.
Cloning is divided into two types:
- Reproductive cloning, and
- Therapeutic cloning.
The former is what produced Dolly and what is rapidly becoming a common practice in livestock breeding.
Think an entire herd of prize bulls, or record producing milch cows, or prize winning wool sheep, etc.
The process requires that the nucleus of the donor cell be substituted for the native nucleus in the fertilized ovum, so that the genetic code of the donor is directing the development of the recipient egg.
The result is a biological duplicate of the donor.
This is no “Frankensteinian Monster”!
This is exactly what happens in the case of identical twins, where the fertilizing sperm fertilizes an egg that splits and produces two genetically identical individuals.
Therapeutic cloning is different in its function and does not produce a cloned individual.
Geron has perfected a method of producing stem cells that have received the nucleus of a cell from the person to be treated by the eventual form of the cells.
That means that whatever the patient receives that’s based upon the stem cells used, will be biologically identical with the recipient patient.
To properly appreciate the significance of this you have to know that Geron has successfully produced:
- Beating heart cells.
- Islet cells that are being tested now as a possible total cure (not a palliative nor a temporary intervention) for diabetes.
- Nerve cells that when inserted into the spinal column of crippled mice, restored most of the motor activity to previously crippled hind legs.
Geron is presently beginning initial human testing to see whether similar results can be achieved with human spinal column or other nerve damage sufferers.
Now here is where the cheese gets binding.
The cells that Geron has altered were fetal stem cells, and in order to be successful when inserted into human patients, they should have had the recipient’s DNA inserted via a nuclear transfer from the recipient’s body just before the stem cells first began to split.
That’s “therapeutic cloning”.
It produces replacement cells (and some day, it is firmly believed, whole organs that are biologically identical to the recipient) that can be inserted in the patient and will nor be rejected as foreign material and will not require anti rejection drugs for the rest of the patient’s life as with normal transfers.
The problem that arises and is being fought out in this political battle, boils down to one issue:
Is creating stem cells for therapeutic purposes a violation of the “right to life” of that tiny, microscopic entity that (though it will never be) could theoretically become the basis for a new human being?
This bi-passes the issue of human reproductive cloning that has essentially no support by any persons nor organizations in the US, at least for the foreseeable future.
(Which is NOT to say that there will be no human reproductive cloning anywhere … it is a big world and enough money can make it happen, I will say will make it happen, somewhere in the near future)
That is even though there have been many successful reproductive clonings of favorite pets, and as I’ve said, prize livestock.
My view on the use of zygotes (a more correct and far less emotionally charged term than “embryo” … look them up) is as follows:
The zygote will be used to, hopefully, cure very serious and debilitating disease in a living human being, improving their quality and probably duration of life.
If not so used, the zygote would have been disposed of as of no use. (Especially when the source is extra zygotes produced in a fertility clinic to aid a childless couple in having a child)
The zygote will have been “sacrificed” to produce a greater good.
I liken this to a young person who (as in the case of over 90 just this month in Iraq) loses their life fighting for our country in combat, or as a fire fighter, policeman, etc.
The fundamental difference is that the zygote, having no capacity for thought nor volition, cannot be consulted on its willingness to volunteer for a task that can cause it to be killed.
Well, in my mind that cuts both ways.
Not being a thinking human, nor having any chance of ever becoming such, causes the viability of the zygote to be balanced against the welfare of one who is a thinking human being.
In that contest I come down for the sufferer who can be cured.
Of the two outcomes, a suffering human or a zygote that will otherwise be flushed down a clinic drain, I come down on the side of the human being.